Hiccups: You got to be kidney me! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Eating foods of different temperatures in the same setting. Eat some sugar. Intractable hiccups, however, may need to be treated with medical interventions. If you have GERD, see your health care provider for treatment. Some simple ways to relieve your baby of hiccups include changing their feeding position, burping them more often or even giving them a binky to suck on. Rings of muscle contract and relax to allow food and liquids to pass through the upper and lower portions. Hiccups were once thought to indicate a childs growth spurt, but we now know the mechanics of a hiccup: When the diaphragm u2014 a muscle that connects the lungs and the stomach u2014 becomes irritated, it spasms. Physiological myoclonus. In some cases, swallowing is impossible. Put a pinch of granulated sugar on your tongue and let it sit for 5 to 10 seconds, then swallow. If you have multiple recurring episodes of hiccups over prolonged periods of time, this is also considered chronic hiccups. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Q. Panebianco M., et al. Caviness JN. Myoclonus may be caused by a variety of underlying problems. July 6, 2022. The cause of essential myoclonus is often unknown. 2020;38(7):1546.e5-1546.e6. You may also need a consult with a specialist such as a neurologist, gastroenterologist, or otolaryngologist. 2022; doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2022-000918. swallowing some granulated sugar. Hiccups in elderly. Persistent Hiccups as the Only Presenting Symptom of ST - Hindawi Wentworth MA. The same type of irritation can also occur if a hair makes its way inside your ear and tickles your tympanic membrane. Experience stress - including fear and excitement. Feeling excited, nervous or scared. Registered in England and Wales. Singultus. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Sudden temperature changes. https://www.dorlandsonline.com. Preventing ovarian cancer: Should women consider removing fallopian tubes? Patient does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. What causes hiccups? - Harvard Health Most people have experienced the annoying, sometimes quite noisy condition known as hiccups. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. Signs and symptoms associated with dysphagia can include: See your health care provider if you regularly have difficulty swallowing or if weight loss, regurgitation or vomiting accompanies your dysphagia. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Is alcohol and weight loss surgery a risky combination? Stomach acid that backs up into your esophagus, the muscular tube that delivers food from your mouth to your stomach. Persistent hiccups can be caused by: Irritation of the diaphragmatic, phrenic, and vagus nerves. When you sneeze, the intrathoracic pressure in your body temporarily rises, reducing blood flow back to the heart. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. 2012;18(2):123-130. doi:10.5056/jnm.2012.18.2.123, Hosoya R, Uesawa Y, Ishii-Nozawa R, Kagaya H. Analysis of factors associated with hiccups based on the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. Sections. If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, please see the Conclusion. During a hiccup your diaphragm (the muscle under your lungs that helps you breathe) contracts. Hiccups: Why You Get Hiccups ..and How To Make Them Stop - WebMD Woelk CJ. Acute hiccups usually last less than 48 hours. Hiccups are a form of myoclonus, as are the sudden jerks or "sleep starts" that you may feel just before falling asleep. Hiccups are repeated spasms or sudden movements of the diaphragm that you can't control. Hiccups. In contrast, chronic or intractable hiccups may need to be treated with medication, medical procedures, or alternative therapies. Accessed Dec. 27, 2022. What Is a Hiccup? Eating too quickly, gulping soda, drinking alcohol, or overeating can cause acute hiccups. Many of the medications that people take during serious illness or end-of-life care can cause hiccups as a side effect. Chronic hiccups can also lead to severe weight loss because they can affect your appetite or desire to eat. During a hiccup, the intercostal muscles (muscles between the ribs) contract, causing the ribs and abdomen to be pulled in. Read our. Most hiccups will resolve within 48 hours; however, intractable hiccups can last for months. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. In: Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Fix it: Limit food and drink especially peppery plates and liquor at least four hours before you hit the sheets. For details see our conditions. Giving a medication called metoclopramide by intravenous injection has been reported to cure hiccups occurring after anaesthetic. This spasm causes your vocal cords to close briefly, producing a "hic" sound. This article will review the symptoms, causes, and treatment of hiccups. Hiccups also can worsen pain. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Winter disease summer treatment needs to be different from, What is the test for sudden double vision in an elderly, Previous Post: thyroid-stimulating hormone. Men are more likely to get hiccups than women, but nearly everyone will experience hiccups in their lifetime. Curbing nearsightedness in children: Can outdoor time help? Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Here are some easy and inexpensive ways to treat hiccups at home: Although treating the underlying condition is essential to curing intractable hiccups, there are medical interventions that can help alleviate the symptoms. Hiccups seem to come from the chest-a quick influx of air that hits your vocal cords and causes a little sound. Recent advances in dysphagia management [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172057, Steger M, Schneemann M, Fox M. Systemic review: the pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment of hiccups. information submitted for this request. Hiccups happen when your diaphragm (your major breathing muscle that sits below your ribcage, separating your chest and stomach) suddenly and involuntarily contracts, according to the Mayo Clinic. And more importantly, what can you do to get rid of them? For most people, hiccups usually last a few minutes and are not a medical concern. Some examples of treatments that have been successfully used for persistent hiccups are: For hiccups that continue despite treatment, a phrenic nerve block is occasionally used. fluid), Swallowing granulated Required fields are marked *. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. Accessed Oct. 10, 2022. Patient aims to help the world proactively manage its healthcare, supplying evidence-based information on a wide range of medical and health topics to patients and health professionals. Males are much more likely to develop long-term hiccups than females. This irritant can cause damage to the nerves that supply the diaphragm (like the phrenic or vagus nerve), which, as we know, can bring on a bout of hiccups, per the Mayo Clinic. Accessed Oct. 10, 2022. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2020; doi:10.1177/2050313X20962641. Acupuncture treatment for persistent hiccups in patients with cancer. What's wrong with the hiccups of an elderly person who is dying? A cause of long-term hiccups is damage to, or irritation of, the vagus nerves or phrenic nerves. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/symptoms-of-gastrointestinal-disorders/hiccups. Accessed Sept. 21, 2021. PLoS One. While there isnt much research that tells us how exactly to stop them, there are some natural remedies that may help. She believes in arming her readers with the most current and trustworthy information leading to fully informed decision making. Hiccups - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. Accessed Oct. 10, 2022. Accessed Dec. 23, 2022. First, block off all airways by putting fingers in your ears and blocking your nostrils. Its unclear if hiccups have a physiologic role. Accessed Oct. 10, 2022. Intractable hiccups can be a sign of a serious medical condition. Hiccups can be avoided by not overeating or eating too quickly. However, experts predict that this shortage is only, Researchers say the 5-questionnaire screening tool called CAPTURE can help diagnose people with treatable COPD, although not all experts agree, Here are five pieces of advice to maintain optimal lung health and breathing capacity, from staying far away from cigarettes to adopting a consistent. Nguyen V, et al. Drink ice water from the opposite side of the glass. Treating the reflux seemed to help stop hiccups in many cases. Hiccups: Causes, treatments, and complications - Medical News Today BONUS! There are many popular remedies that are said to stop a short bout of hiccups but they are based on people's individual experiences. The following are signs that the body is actively shutting down: When a person is just hours away from death, you will notice changes in their breathing: the rate changes from a normal rate and rhythm to a new pattern of several rapid breaths followed by a period of no breathing (apnea). American Academy of Neurology. Common techniques to cure the hiccups include holding your breath for five to 10 seconds, performing the Valsalva maneuver, and biting into a lemon. If you are in the hospital, you can seek treatment from the attending physician with appropriate medications to relieve the discomfort of the elderly, and you can also be given oxygen by mask to relieve the hiccups. Most of the time, there is no obvious cause for hiccups. Mayo Clinic. Hiccups (also spelled hiccough) are sudden, involuntary contractions (spasms) of the diaphragm muscle, which are more common in men and last longer than 48 hours. The cause can help determine treatment. A temporary swollen stomach caused by overeating or eating too fast, drinking fizzy drinks, or swallowing air. To continue reading this article, you must log in. BMJ Open Gastroenterology. glassy eyes. You can connect with a primary care doctor in your area using the Healthline FindCare tool. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. What Causes Hiccups? - HealthPrep.com Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition, Occurring in one part of the body or all over the body, Sometimes severe enough to interfere with eating, speaking or walking. The following are just some of the possible causes: Conditions that are related to chronic hiccups may include any medical or health issue that involves the autonomic nervous system. Seifi A, et al. A cause of long-term hiccups is damage to or irritation of the vagus nerves or phrenic nerves, which serve the diaphragm musclediaphragm muscleThe thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm (Ancient Greek: , romanized: diphragma, lit. See your doctor, who may prescribe you an antibiotic to eradicate the ear infection. Drink water through a cloth or paper towel. Eating a large meal, drinking alcoholic or carbonated beverages, or getting excited suddenly may cause hiccups. While rare, hounding hiccups during bedtime may be an indicator of another serious medical issue. Avoid foods that trigger reflux, including fatty or fried foods, tomato sauce, alcohol, chocolate, mint, garlic, onion and caffeine. Dorland's Medical Dictionary Online. Hiccups can come in clusters or occur just once. Enhret CJ, et al. In rare cases, hiccups can be chronic or intractable, lasting days or months. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. Factors that may damage or irritate these nerves include: A tumor or infection in your central nervous system or damage to your central nervous system due to an injury can disrupt your body's normal control of the hiccup reflex. holding your breath. 2. What's more, certain types of food and drink including spicy dishes and alcohol can irritate the diaphragm and esophagus and increase your odds of developing hiccups. Analysis of factors associated with hiccups using the FAERS database. When that happens, try the following techniques to help stop hiccups in their tracks, per the Cleveland Clinic: Is this an emergency? That might have you wondering what's up with your body. Dysphagia can occur at any age, but it's more common in older adults. Remedies for stopping hiccups are about as mysterious as hiccups themselves. Drink a glass of warm water slowly without pausing to breathe. You can try these methods at home to get rid of hiccups. For the past few days, I've been yawning a lot, much more than average (once every few minutes I feel the need). Rabano-Suarez P, et al. The hiccups reflex arch consists of: Hiccup-producing muscles: mainly the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. If hiccups after a procedure do not stop, a doctor can help diagnose the problem and take any corrective action. Obviously, the success rate of these options depends on each person. However, if you have persistent hiccups that last for several days or more, see a doctor. In some cases, hiccups may be a sign of an underlying medical issue. They happen mainly in the evening. Accessed Dec. 27, 2022. You usually cant treat the issue yourself or resolve the problem at home. Pull your knees up to your chest and lean forward while breathing into a paper bag (do not put it over your head). Some of the causes of esophageal dysphagia include: Certain conditions can weaken the throat muscles, making it difficult to move food from your mouth into your throat and esophagus when you start to swallow. Signs and symptoms associated with dysphagia can include: Pain while swallowing. When it suddenly moves unexpectedly, that's when you experience hiccups. Li A, et al. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. And this can trigger hiccups. Most cases need no treatment, as a bout of hiccups usually soon goes. Breathing into a paper bag. Third, in the end-stage elderly, there will be infection in the abdominal cavity or corresponding symptoms of intestinal obstruction, which will stimulate the diaphragm and lead to compulsory contraction of the diaphragm, and the patient will show intermittent hiccups and even symptoms of dyspnea and precordial discomfort. Excitement or emotional stress. In most cases they start for no apparent reason, last a short while and then stop. However, some anecdotal evidence suggests that an increase in carbon dioxide may help. The diaphragm is a muscle that helps you breathe. That's why conditions such as encephalitis, meningitis, multiple sclerosis, stroke or traumatic brain injury can cause recurrent hiccups. If we combine this information with your protected But why do they happen? Chronic hiccups. Hiccups. How is Ebola transmitted from person to person? The following are conditions that can lead to intractable hiccups. Aminoff NJ, et al., eds. Emotional stress and anxiety. Mayo Clinic Minute: What causes hiccups? Accessed Sept. 25, 2021. Mild hiccups (those that go away in a short time) can happen when you: Eat and drink too quickly. This may indicate the presence of a medical issue that needs attention. 2019; doi:10.12688/f1000research.18900.1. Sometimes, despite your best attempts to avoid hiccups while sleeping, they still creep up on you. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. Also, treat any underlying cause, if possible. general anesthesia. Take drugs (particularly those for anxiety - benzodiazepines ). Your heart doesnt exactly stop when you sneeze, according to the UAMS Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery. Last medically reviewed on November 6, 2018. Still, others may find reflux relief with over-the-counter or prescription antacids that help neutralize stomach acid. from the best health experts in the business, Hiccups; NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary, February 2022 (UK access only). In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. They are usually harmless and last for less than 48 hours. Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. It can happen for several reasons, such as hyperventilation. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Lembo AJ. Buttaravoli P, et al., eds. Sometimes, certain diseases or even a medical procedure, especially those involving anesthesia, can cause prolonged bouts of hiccups, Dr. Allan notes. Does less TV time lower your risk for dementia? But waking from a deep slumber because you got the hiccups while sleeping? It is commonly separated into different types based on what is causing it. In some cases, the cause is hereditary, meaning passed down in families. Shakes or spasms due to anxiety or exercise. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. 2015;42(9):1037-1050. doi: 10.1111/apt.13374, Quiroga JB, Garca JU, Guedes JB. In: Netters Neurology. Other factors that may increase your risk of hiccups include: Ongoing hiccups may interfere with eating, drinking, sleeping and speaking. We avoid using tertiary references. Coping. However, prolonged hiccups could be a sign that you have an underlying condition that's causing the hiccups. If you can't seem to shake the hiccups during sleep, you might look to your medicine cabinet for the culprit. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition, Mayo Clinic Healthcare expert explains when swallowing issues are more than an accident, A sensation of food getting stuck in the throat or chest or behind the breastbone (sternum), Food or stomach acid backing up into the throat. Hiccups can be divided into three groups: Hiccups affect women and men equally, although persistent hiccups occur much more commonly in men. "Hiccups happen when there's a disturbance in the nerve pathways that lead from the brain to the diaphragm," explains Dr. Allan. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with One of the reasons that breathing into a paper bag and holding your breath might help is that it causes a buildup of carbon dioxide in your lungs. Do your hiccups have you bouncing all over the place? 2018; doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2016-001264. It's important to contact your healthcare provider for the following symptoms due to hiccups: Hiccups are a result of involuntary spasms of the diaphragm. The cause may also take an extended period of time to discover. Hiccups are involuntary spasms of the diaphragm (the muscle under the lungs). Today, we understand the mechanics of a hiccup: When your diaphragm a muscle situated between your lungs and stomach becomes irritated, it begins to spasm. The hiccups are a natural part of life and often only last for a few minutes. In addition to home remedies, hiccups can be treated medically. This can disrupt the diaphragm, producing hiccups, Dr. Ivanina says. Spasms of your diaphragm that you can't control cause hiccups. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. 2017;12(2):e0172057. Rinse your mouth . Family medicine physician Daniel Allan, MD, explains what hiccups are and some natural ways of giving them the boot. biting on a lemon or tasting vinegar. But its more common for hiccups to go away on their own. Swallowing is complex, involving many muscles and nerves. Serenity Mirabito, MSN, RN, OCN, advocates for well-being, even in the midst of illness. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. We spoke to gastroenterologist Elena A. Ivanina, DO, MPH, to understand why you can get hiccups while sleeping, plus how you can prevent them from becoming, well, a hiccup to hitting the hay. What Causes Hiccups: How to Make Them Stop and More Leung AKC, et al. Rarely, hiccups may continue for months. Hiccups: What causes them - Mayo Clinic Dysphagia can be painful. Whats wrong with the hiccup-like sound in your throat? This type of myoclonus occurs in healthy people and rarely needs treatment. Other forms of myoclonus may occur because of a nervous system disorder, such as epilepsy, a metabolic condition, or a reaction to a medicine. The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects your mouth and your stomach. For people with a terminal illness, sedatives such as midazolam can help to control hiccups and relieve the stress they cause. If an obstruction interferes with breathing, call for emergency help immediately. Other gut conditions that can cause hiccups include, Conditions affecting the neck, chest or tummy (abdomen). Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). However, this treatment needs to be considered carefully: it carries risks because the phrenic nerve is important in breathing. An expert explains why hiccups happen and how to stop them. Hiccups: a common problem with some unusual causes and cures. According to the Mayo Clinic, the following lifestyle changes can help curb GERD for some people: Still, others may find reflux relief with over-the-counter or prescription antacids that help neutralize stomach acid. The information on this page is written and peer reviewed by qualified clinicians. Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia include: The following are risk factors for dysphagia: Although swallowing difficulties can't be prevented, you can reduce your risk of occasional difficulty swallowing by eating slowly and chewing your food well. It happens when a sudden contraction of your diaphragm causes muscles in your chest and abdomen to shake and your vocal cords to, Hiccups are repetitive, uncontrollable contractions of the diaphragm. Eating too fast, gulping soda, overeating, drinking alcohol, and smoking can cause hiccups. Read our editorial policy. At one point or another, everyone's been shaken from sleep by a nightmare or an intense urge to pee. This increases the risk of complications with the wound. Intractable hiccups can be a sign of a serious medical condition. Your email address will not be published. Sleep synchronizes the breathing rate with the hiccupping rate, with the Hc rate exceeding the breathing rate during light sleep and the breathing rate exceeding the Hc rate during deep sleep. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Puffing on cigarettes can produce sleep-hampering hiccups, too. Also discover over 20, A popular lung medication, albuterol, has been in a national shortage since the fall of last year. Hoarseness. When a person has hiccups, the diaphragm contracts and pulls down, drawing in air between breaths, and the windpipe closes for a brief moment to prevent more air from entering the lungs. Feeling nervous or excited. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Generalized myoclonus in COVID-19. Deep brain stimulation. This spasm causes what is commonly known as hiccups. Considering collagen drinks and supplements? Gut problems such as acid reflux, stretching (distension) of the stomach, infection of the gallbladder or infection under the diaphragm. eating, which might be worse at night, Don't lie down for about three hours after a meal, Drainage from the ear (yellow, brown or white Here are a couple ways to halt your hiccups: Hiccups also come with a variety of other, slightly weirder techniques that are suggested mostly by anecdotal evidence. https://gi.org/topics/dysphagia/. Per the Mayo Clinic, in addition to hiccups and disrupted sleep, other symptoms of GERD may include: Fix it: If your hiccups stem from GERD, the best way to prevent them is by treating the root problem. Examples include: Nervous system conditions that result in secondary myoclonus include: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Over time, this movement can become uncomfortable. Medical intervention is required for intractable hiccups. Drinking water quickly may help you quell a case of midnight hiccups. sugar, dry pieces of bread or crushed ice, Gagging (sticking a Click here for an email preview. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Possible causes include having gas in the stomach, eating spicy food, and having an underlying health condition. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008768.pub2. FAQ: What Causes Hiccups In Elderly? Acupuncture treatment for persistent hiccups in patients with cancer. Hiccups happen when your diaphragm contracts involuntarily, which is also known as a spasm. Our clinical information meets the standards set by the NHS in their Standard for Creating Health Content guidance. https://www.clinicalkey.com. For most people, hiccups usually last only a few minutes. Dr. Larson says most hiccup triggers are associated with temporary bloating of the stomach. Inflammation of the brain, which also is known as encephalitis. http://www.entnet.org/content/swallowing-trouble. Medicines that cause you to feel relaxed and sleepy, such as sedatives or other drugs used for anesthesia. Systemic review: the pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment of hiccups. Gulping down big drinks - especially carbonated ones - can also cause hiccups. Sometimes they are due to: Book a private assessment with a qualified dietician today. The cause can help determine treatment. Accessed Sept. 24, 2021. Hiccups - NHS National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Mayo Clinic. Aging and swallowing. privacy practices. How Many Elderly People Will Be In Florida In 2040? Hiccups can be harmful if they interfere with eating, drinking, sleeping, or daily activities. A. People don't usually die from hiccups. Food or stomach acid backing up into the throat. Hiccups are rarely a cause for concern, but if hiccups become frequent, chronic, and persistent (lasting more than 3 hours), if they affect sleeping patterns, interfere with eating, cause reflux of food or vomiting, occur with severe abdominal pain, fever, shortness of breath, spitting up blood, or feeling as if the throat is going to close up . Firstly, try any of the popular remedies used to treat short bouts of hiccups (explained above). Hiccups are a result of involuntary spasms of the diaphragm. Don't attempt to remedy an earache by sticking cotton swabs inside your ear to clean the affected area this can push earwax further in or damage sensitive tissue, per Cedars Sinai, all of which can make your ear pain worse. You would normally have other symptoms apart from the hiccups. Hiccups: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments Chronic Hiccups: Causes, Treatments, and More Then, take a sip or two of water from a glass. That's because when you have an infection, the tympanic membrane in your ear (also called your eardrum) becomes irritated, according to Texas A&M Health. The diaphragm is the muscle that separates your chest from your stomach area and plays an important role in breathing. Can MERS-CoV infection be transmitted from person to person?
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