b. 110. A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender, is called a(n) __________. Free Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes____________. The real risk-free rate (r)\left(\mathrm{r}\right)(r) for all three years is 2 percent. According to Samier (2005, 65), Weber also was concerned with the prospects for freedom and the fate of liberalism as a result of increased rationalization and bureaucratization of governance. d. bureaucracy, Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. a. The informal structure has also been called ____ ___ b/c it includes the ideology and practices of workers on the job. Though nondiscrimination protections exist in the United States, for example, via Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, data consistently show that those from underrepresented populations remain underrepresented in government employment. And I am not even a Filipino, just the spouse of one. helping employees focus on work To conclude, we argue that elements of bureaucracy require a rethinking and centering of human rights to be effective and equitable. Human rights have also been incorporated into national law and are represented in most constitutions around the world. Discrimination of any kind, such as that based on race, color, sex, ethnicity, age, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, disability, property, birth or other status is therefore prohibited. b. Irving Janis three-quarters b. functionalists Centralization, along with the third element of bureaucracy relevant here, hierarchy, can work together to further the concentration of power. For economic, social, and cultural rights, state interference is sought: the government is asked to protect individuals against human rights violations. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group. A a greater emphasis on sharing information 13 Q A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. c. accommodation This echoes Woodard (2005): the rules (or Portillo et al.s institutionalized myths) do not reflect merit (or neutrality), and thus create issues for the achievement of a truly meritorious and neutral government bureaucracy. c. primary group Though bureaucracies are designed for efficiency, Weber also worried about the likelihood of such bureaucracies to concentrate power, reduce autonomy, and dehumanize those within it (Maley 2004; Samier 2005; Weiss 1983). a. human rights c. outgroup construction d. 225, People do not voluntarily become members of __________ organizations. Based on an in-depth review of the literature on HRBA as well as reports on HRBA in the context of the United Nations (UN 2003; UN Sustainable Development Group n.d.), the main components and principles of the HRBA include (authors list): Nondiscrimination and equality: A HRBA is based on the understanding that all individuals are equal as humans by virtue of the inherent dignity of each person. Let Quiz 2, Sociology - Introductory Sociology - Quizgoat outgroup HRBA has been developed mostly in the context of international development (Broberg and Sano 2018; Cornwall and Nyamu-Musembi 2004; Filmer-Wilson 2005; Uvin 2007) and health (Dyer 2015, Curtice and Exworthy 2010; Gruskin, Bogecho, and Ferguson 2010; Hunt, Ely, and Bustreo 2015; London 2008), but it has become more common to view processes and institutions through a human rights lens in other parts of social science such as social work (Androff 2015; Ife 2012) and psychology (Patel 2019). d. despite problems, many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic, b. bureaucracies are impersonal in that they require everyone to follow the same rules and to be treated the same. These rights are inalienable and universal, which means that people are entitled to them by virtue of being human, regardless of race, sex, gender, language, religion, national or ethnic origin, property, political opinion, disability, or any other status (Art. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes. C. a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches. c. generalized others succumbing to group pressure is less common than many people would like to believe Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. a. INQUIRER.net wants to hear from you! Guy, Mary E., and Sean A. McCandless, eds. Overall, this impacts employees ability to participate in decision-making processes and determine their own affairs. Notably, perceptions of red tape can be impacted by perceptions of organizational structure, including centralization and hierarchy, elements related to Webers bureaucracy. Notably, we acknowledge that human rights are afforded not just to bureaucratsor employeesbut also to those that bureaucracies serve, but focus our critique on how the HRBA applies to those within the bureaucracy. d. Cohesion, A dozen inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. democracy d. primary and secondary groups are equally likely to be specialized, but in different ways, c. people in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group, A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes_____. A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. A bureaucracy may be inefficient, resistant to change, and a vehicle for perpetuating class, race, and . All rights reserved. Transitional Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes The iron law of oligarchy Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power? b. Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common? 2018). c. secondary group a. childhood socialization is fairly complete, which makes adult socialization redundant b. the family is more involved in adult socialization than in childhood socialization c. adult socialization involves greater freedom of choice than does childhood socialization d. there is much less to learn during adulthood C We argue that bureaucracy theory should be reassessed through the lens of human rights because bureaucracies are made up of humans and because they serve individuals who also have human rights. c. a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches. Your subscription could not be saved. C. c. secondary group The human relations movement cared about the treatment of employees, identifying more social elements of the workplace that can influence their productivity. d. Individual, Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. a. postmodern theorists a. trained incapacity informal group See answer Advertisement jayilych4real b. b. the concentration of power in the hands of organizational leaders. Cognitive Psychology Overview of Theory. b. likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the. The discovery of feral children is important because they show the relevance of: The ______ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies. b. fad diffusion, "Bureaucratic personality" refers to_____________________________, Are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance with the help of the political system. Such emphasis may dehumanize both those within the organizations, including leaders and employees, and those the organization serves. Racialized burdens: Applying racialized organization theory to the administrative state. b. But merit has received some criticism, as well. Human rights enter public organizations therefore in two ways: (1) through the fact that bureaucracies consist of individuals who are entitled to their human rights; and (2) in that bureaucracies represent the state as a duty holder that has an obligation to protect, promote, and implement human rights. Georg Simmel social groups Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes? Easy Quiz 2. d. efforts to reduce the number of people in dead-end jobs. And yet, it is not uncommon to stumble upon examples of humane and professional public service that pleasantly astound those who have become cynical about dealing with government. c. Groupthink All of these measures directly relate to the discussions on merit, neutrality, and rules discussed above. The U.S. Senate consists of 100 members. b. b. d. affiliation, Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. For bureaucracy, in its original sense, referred to the most rational form of organization ever inventeda regime of experts, wrote Max Weber, its foremost theoretician. greater emphasis on sharing ideas. Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. b. Psychology - What is Psychology? For example, we focused largely on five of the six characteristics of bureaucracy and followed them up with just a few relevant streams of research. a. d. impersonality, A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. c. a couple with a new baby, increasing the size of the family I agree to the Terms of Use and acknowledge that I have read the Privacy Policy. We first present an overview of Webers bureaucratic theory and introduce relevant critiques. Given discussed critiques by the human relations movement and representative bureaucracy that bring employees back to the fore, we questioned whether these characteristics are compatible with the growing recognition of human rights. Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber? They become timid and cold, unable to use their judgment to help people. iron law of oligarchy. Why is bureaucracy a necessary part of management in most formal organizations? Sociology ch. 5 Flashcards | Quizlet c. transition Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes a. more rigid Portillo (2012) found that white men rely on their status and power more than they do rules in the course of their jobs, using rules as a last resort. The U.S. Senate consists of 100 members. A greater emphasis on sharing information. a. Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of, A situation in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity is known as, Let Quiz 3/Business - Business Communications, Criminal Justice - Crime Violence and Schools QuixDoc 2, Quiz Facts 8. b. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. b. Ch. 5 Flashcards | Quizlet triad DeHart-Davis (2017) recommends that the development of new rules includes input by stakeholders, including those impacted by the rule (participation). Latisha would be considered the __________ leader of the group. 3-5 Quizzes & Vocab). Sociology exam 2 questions Flashcards | Quizlet Applying the terms for problems that. Soc. 1 Test # 2 Study Guide.docx - Norco College Soc. Test b. The group has experienced __________. d. Charles H. Cooley, A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). b. d. dyad Humanizing work and busting bureaucracy - LinkedIn They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. b. Robert Merton Appropriate emotions for a given role or situation, Answer: B. 2002; Meier and Nicholson-Crotty 2006; Sowa and Selden 2003; Wilkins and Williams 2008). Here, we address how current applications of bureaucratic elementsmerit and neutrality, as well as bureaucratic rulesmay not respect human rights. Political action committees b. part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes Ferdinand Tnnies used the term __________ to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes. a. b. The specific content, nature, and implementation of human rights depends on the cultural context, but there is consensus that the protection from enslavement, prohibition of genocide and torture, rights to free speech, assembly, and political participation, fair trial and to be equal before the law, or to education are part of a basic human rights catalog. Scientific management, however, held little regard for individuals working in those organizations. a. 10+ part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes most standard Joaquin is a member of a group working on a project for his biology class. Cognitive Psychology Overview of Theory. Workers create ___ ____ to confront, resist, or adapt to the constraints of their jobs, as well as to guide and interpret social relations on the job. a. __________ leadership is most appropriate when the groups purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal. c. aggregate Indeed, managers who are unwilling to delegate impede employee participation in decision making and goal setting and restrict information flow (Pandey and Rainey 2006) (Kaufmann et al. They are an example of a(n) __________. a. a more rigid hierarchical structure b. a greater emphasis on sharing information c. helping employees focus on work d. a reduction in the amount of informal activity 39. The American Review of Public Administration. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories that he identified? Expectations for employee performance should shift attention away from the traditional focus on efficiency, outputs, and service delivery to consider the human rights-friendliness of practice. category reference groups a. Indivisibility and interdependence of human rights: Human rights are indivisible, meaning that there is no hierarchy of human rights. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes _______. Quiz Grade 2. Sociologists term this awareness __________. Knowing how well-oiled the Singaporean public state machine is, I, of course, warn him about expecting to find the same level of public service in a country that is far bigger and less rigidly governed than his own. The emphasis on technical proficiency, which requires that bureaucrats have training and expertise for the position in which they are hired. As the name makes clear, human rights designates individuals as rights holders. The teacher is using a(n) _________ leadership style. Despite the emphasis of both streams of literature on people and their roles within public organizations, both still focus on enhancing bureaucratic efficiency. aggregate b. instrumental one-quarter formal group __________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority. __________ size refers to the number of potential members a group has. discourage feelings of group superiority . When there are bureaucracy, organizations can operate more smoothly and productively. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about onethird (33 percent) of the time While a HRBA might require major rethinking of processes and might come at the expense of some efficiency, at least in the short run, long-term impact and investment in equity will lead to a more inclusive and equitable environment, countering bureaucracies tendency toward domination and dehumanization. Notably, equal treatment is not the same as equitable treatment. A bureaucracy works when its operations are, at every point, made predictable. c. putting organizational needs above competing responsibilities. The focus on technical proficiency and specialization from a structural standpoint has human rights implications, as well. coercive The economic results of cooperatives have been mixed; some are more profitable than private organizations, some are less. cooperative People are most likely to feel empathy towards members of their in-group, but not towards members of their out-group, even when groups are assigned arbitrarily. A human rights-based approach (HRBA) puts human rights values and principles at the core of strategy, process, and outcome. b. 23 UDHR), leisure (Art. Proctored Mid-Term Examination (Chapters 1 -5)Study Guide - Quizlet 111. d. coercive, Weber's term __________ refers to the process by which traditional informal and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures. b. Mabuhay Pilipinas, Mabuhay PhilHealth!. b. Cornwall, Andrea, and Celestine Nyamu-Musembi. b. a. To the best of our knowledge, no research considers bureaucratic ideals and structures from the lens of human rights, which is the primary goal of this article. It includes specific measures, such as equal opportunity and diversity initiatives, maternity and family leave practices, social security networks, childcare initiatives, salary conditions, and employment right violations. A bureaucracy also has an informal structure, which includes the daily activities and interactions that bypass the official rules and procedures. A(n) __________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner. Carol is experiencing: A set of expectations for people who occupy a social position or status: The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience. First, rules that are perceived as red tape can have detrimental impacts on an employees quality of work and life. dyad Access: A HRBA prescribes equal access to resources and information. d. authoritarian, Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________. Chapter 5 Flashcards | Quizlet c. Hypothetical She does not own her office, and so she cannot use it to favor relatives, friends, and acquaintances. ingroup Passive representation occurs when the demographics of the bureaucracys employees mirror the demographics of those they serve; active representation assumes that shared values arising from passive representation will produce actions that are more beneficial to the clients in question (Meier and Nicholson-Crotty 2006, 851). Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. the active participation of both members is crucial to the survival of dyads. In which type of group is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group? The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________., Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups? c. subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action. Pugh, D. S., D. J. Hickson, C. R. Hinings, and C. Turner. Sociology EXAM 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Still, he was lucky to have encountered government employees who took the trouble to confer about his situation and, rather than raise a big issue about the problem posed by the difference between his Chinese name and the westernized name he used in the hospital, decided to process his claim. What I found instead was a gushing tribute to PhilHealth. goal displacement d. cultural imperialism. significant others Formalization itself is neither good nor bad, but formalization can potentially lead to red tape (Bozeman 2000). Broadly, rules, when they beget compliance, lead to consistent behavior by those in the organization. Which of the following terms did German political sociologist Robert Michels use to refer to the tendency of a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few? The display of only certain carefully selected emotions towards the public, instead of true feelings, A. Twin studies in sociology and psychology. For example, research on red tape (Bozeman 2000), green tape (DeHart-Davis 2009; , 2017), and rule behavior such as rule bending (Borry 2017; DeHart-Davis 2007) all relate to bureaucracys principles of written rules. In addition, rule bending and breaking can lead to a lack of transparency and accountability, especially if rules are bent in a way to exclude employees from full participation in the organization. d. social control, The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions______________________. For example, Riccucci (2009, 373) concludes that, overall, women and people of color remain in lower-level, lower-paying, less prestigious jobs. More recently, Borry, Getha-Taylor, and Holmes (2021) explored whether an Obama executive order requiring agency-specific diversity plans led to more women and people of color in the three federal agencies. But rule bending may also be related to power. Notably, it provided a blueprint of characteristics of bureaucratic organizations and how they best function. Through their work, bureaucracies have multiple different spheres of influence in which they can incorporate human rights principles: within the public organization, in regard to the direct relations to the people they serve, the stakeholders they interact with, the community, and the society at large. It also does not consider indirect or systemic discrimination, which is often at the core deciding access and participation. In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group? It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 17. 21 UDHR). Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Peter is a likeable bloke with a hearing problem and a ready smile. the organizational chart for a bureaucracy a. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy . homogeneity At the very least, traditions of inquiry to understand public organizations is driven in large part by Webers theory of bureaucracy, and arguably, by default. That is, the potentially inconsistent application of rules, for various reasons noted above, can inhibit efforts toward nondiscrimination, create a lack of transparency and accountability and access by organizational members, and limit agency by employees of marginalized identities. cultural relativism d. a greater emphasis on sharing information, d. a greater emphasis on sharing information, Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to attend graduate school to study sociology. Milgram's findings have never been supported by later research c. outgroups b. Sociologists would term them a(n) __________. From a human rights perspective, this violates the principles of participation and access, namely the ability of employees to engage in decisions that affect them and to have full access to resources and information. d. friends going out to dinner together, b. teachers in a school district who work together to demand better wages, __________ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers. Despite the goal of consistent behaviorand perhaps leading to decreased individual power and autonomyresearch shows that rules are not strictly and blindly followed. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over onehalf (50 percent) of the time The social psychological model of red tape informs us that employees who feel alienated from the workplace will report higher levels of red tape (Pandey and Kingsley 2000). secondary category In addition, this emphasis on merit and neutrality may not be consistent with participation and access, particularly to higher level jobs that carry more status by underrepresented employees who may experience discrimination. She is embarrassed about having to wait tables, so she tries to make it clear to the customers that she is not interested in the job and is working at the restaurant merely to make some money until she graduates. d. Herbert Spencer, The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. c. conflict theorists Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. b. reference group this research raises some questions concerning research ethics, In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts. bureaucracy Conflict theorists These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization. c. Stanley Milgram The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). d. Dyadic, The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. It permits them to challenge human rights violations in court and in public and it changes the nature of their demands. But the very same reasons that make it work as a solution to complexity also tend to be the causes behind its classic dysfunctions. A HRBA requires a differentiated approach, taking into account the humanity and specific circumstances of employees and clients of public organizations. d. takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership, b. After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________.
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