is lindane a severe marine pollutant

Lindane - Wikipedia Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. NRDC: When the Treatment is Toxic - Pesticides in Head (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. WebLindane Can Be Toxic to Humans Lindane, also known as g-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH), is commonly used in shampoos and other topical treatments for head lice and Remove contaminated clothes. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. [25] In 2002, the EPA concluded that lindane agricultural products were eligible for re-registration given industry compliance with certain data and labeling requirements to mitigate occupational risks to workers. xref Water | Free Full-Text | The Toxic Effects of Lindane via the A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. [27] Similar findings were noted by U.S. Geologic Survey teams in 1999 and 2000. The study also documented a marked decrease in lindane wastewater contamination and lindane poisoning incidents reported to Poison Control Centers. Marine pollutants or environmentally hazardous substances are materials that can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Marine pollutant is a term mainly used by IMDG code while the term " environmentally hazardous substances " are used by other dangerous goods regulations such as ADR and IATA. UN Classification [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. [15] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Lindane has not been shown to alter immunocompetence in humans and is not considered to be genotoxic. Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. startxref Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. Wash hands before eating. 0000000736 00000 n The following ingredients are of concern in the marine environment and need more testing: Cinoxate. WebLindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA's Great Waters Program due to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. (June 8, 2007 order). During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. [7][16], In all age groups, reported adverse events occurred mainly in patients with contraindications to the use of lindane or in those who appeared to have misapplied or orally ingested medication. Lindane This mark may be displayed in black lettering on a white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. 0000047710 00000 n 0000001244 00000 n The most common reports to the FDA were "drug ineffective," followed by convulsions, dermatitis and dizziness. Each side of the mark must be -. Marine pollutants 0000001466 00000 n In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. Cough. The company seeks damages and injunctive relief against all of the defendants. Severe Exposure to large amounts of lindane can negatively affect the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Lindane Bioremediation Capability Lindane Hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane has been used in the U.S. for more than 60 years, both in healthcare and in agriculture. Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. 0000003713 00000 n Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. [26], Lindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the northern front range from "serious" to "severe." 0000002858 00000 n Fresh air, rest. Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. Transportation Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod [15], The current FDA-approved product labeling emphasizes that lindane medications are contraindicated for use in premature infants and individuals with known uncontrolled seizure disorders and should be used with caution in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg) as they may be at risk of serious neurotoxicity. The MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: (2) The marking must be in the form of a square-on-point. In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. Marine pollution [20] The majority of studies of the general population have also shown no association between serum or breast tissue levels of lindane and breast cancer. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (Octinoxate, Uvinul MC80) Glyceril octanoate dimethoxylcinnamate. UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III, Prepared by an international group of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO, Lindane (Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane) - US EPA [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. Reacts with bases. Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." 0000006227 00000 n Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. [32][33] In the U.S., petitions to ban the use of pharmaceutical lindane have been rejected by the FDA and determined to be without merit by experts working with this regulatory agency. (2) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark shall be placed in association with the hazard warning labels required by subpart E of this part or, in the absence of any labels, in association with the marked proper shipping name. Formula: C6H6Cl6 0000006190 00000 n "[14], The most common side effects associated with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. [28] More specifically, the EPA conducted down-the-drain estimates of the amount of lindane reaching public water supplies from the use of lindane medications using data from California water treatment facilities, concluding that lindane levels from pharmaceutical sources were extremely low and not of concern.[5]. Lindane [7][8][9] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also includes lindane medications in their Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines as viable treatment alternatives for the management of scabies and pubic lice, consistent with the approved prescription labeling for these products. Previous work showed that Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 degrades lindane and that, in the presence of the pesticide, WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. Diarrhoea. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. Studies of the carcinogenic effects of lindane have been inconclusive and often limited by study design; however, no major carcinogenic effects have been noted in human trials to date. eCFR :: 49 CFR 171.4 -- Marine pollutants. [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Lindane is registered for use in 50 countries, with restricted-use status in 33 of these countries. Air pollution on the Front Range has gotten worse, EPA Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). [6] Mexico has committed to a structured, voluntary phase out of lindane through the North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) but currently authorizes agricultural, veterinary and healthcare uses. It is also a recognised irritant. $>. Column 1 is labeled S.M.P. for Severe Marine Pollutants and Column 2 is Toxicity of lindane induced by oxidative stress and intestinal Find out how LUMITOS supports you with online marketing. <<77808EBE95D8C749B7A9AFF580CD8412>]>> If the size of the package so requires, the dimensions/line thickness may be reduced, provided the marking remains clearly visible. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. Routes of exposure 0000001686 00000 n (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. %%EOF Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 does not support some functions on Chemie.DE. Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. Vlkov and Hofman demonstrated that soil properties affect the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants such as lindane, DDT, phenanthrene and Transportation 49.172.101List of Marine Pollutants. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. [29] Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic industrial chemicals, a process known as cracking.[26][29] Today, only a few production plants remain active worldwide to accommodate public health uses of lindane and declining agricultural needs. 49 CFR 172.322 - Marine pollutants. | Electronic Code Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. This article wants to briefly summarise the Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures Lindane has adverse effects on The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. 0000003791 00000 n 0000001327 00000 n In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. (ii) At least 250 mm (9.8 inches) for marks applied to all other bulk packages. The symbol and border must be black on a white or suitable contrasting background. It has an oral LD50 of 88 mg/kg in rats and a dermal LD50 of 1000 mg/kg. Tremor. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. Refer for medical attention . Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. Inhalation risk In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agencys Cancer Assessment Review Committee for lindane downgraded the carcinogenic classification of lindane from possible to suggestive evidence, concluding that the data did not support the need for further study of the carcinogenic risks in humans. WebThe table located at Appendix B to 172.101, List of Marine Pollutants, contains two columns. A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. Chemical dangers Refer for medical attention. pollution [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. Dizziness. 89 0 obj <>stream Web4-methylbenzylidene camphor. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its 0 To explore the toxic effects of lindane and the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity, the animal model Caenorhabditis A recent analysis concluded that a majority of pediatricians had not experienced problems treating lice or scabies since that ban took effect. 0000004014 00000 n 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. Fish, marine mammals and birds in the region are exposed to environmental pollutants, increasing the stress of the marine ecosystem. [34], In response to Morton Grove's complaint, the Ecology Center defendants moved to dismiss the case based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. [18], Canadas Pest Management Regulatory Agency phased out of all agricultural uses of lindane between 2000 and 2005 due to concerns of chronic occupational exposure and risks to workers during seed treatment and planting. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. Abstract. United Nations Environment Programme - POPs LINDANE A REVIEW OF TOXICITY AND Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. Histological effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide Lindane Carefully collect remainder. 0000000016 00000 n For materials described using UN3077, Environmentally hazardous substance, solid, n.o.s. and UN3082, Environmentally hazardous substance, liquid, n.o.s., see 172.102(c)(1), special provision 441 for additional provisions; and. This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. Aurora is best viewed in areas without light pollution and no cloud cover. Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net However, lindane medications remain available in Canada for public health purposes as non-prescription therapies. [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. WebLindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can hYio+QB L` EDl+b?5 %U`{W5=;" C*LOu3],5K1v)v..%S]*&dc?>|]^+}.{|xu}>_]_og|Sn6?8WagnsyY~9,6lY|y /7buvx|~\^sgd_ yr|t1g/7o_7:E}stm"(:KjuygEwq^|_]. Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. (1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: (i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or, (ii) A net mass of 5 kg (11 pounds) or less for solids. Long-term toxicity of lindane through oxidative stress and cell [1] Vomiting and nausea are usual symptoms associated with oral ingestions of lindane but serious neurologic effects can occur, albeit less frequently. In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. To use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. 125 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.6 % (c) A transport vehicle or freight container that contains a package subject to the marking requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section must be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. [6] Molecular mass: 290.8 [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22] Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human Lindane 0000050404 00000 n WebThis Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document replaces the earlier National Marine Fisheries Service No Observed Adverse Effect Level National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Population Adjusted Dose Pesticide Analytical Method Public Document Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. This is the third severe geomagnetic storm (G4) since Solar Cycle 25 began in 2019. The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "moderately hazardous", and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. In 2009, the production and agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Effects of short-term exposure (i) At least 100 mm (3.9 inches) as measured from the outside of the lines forming the border for marks applied to: (A) Non-bulk packages, except in the case of packages which, because of their size, can only bear smaller marks. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. WebLindane is considered a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. [1] 0000057076 00000 n 0000003484 00000 n Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Well closed. This may result in convulsions. 0000006477 00000 n Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. LINDANE [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. Nausea. Physical State; Appearance CFR Title 49. Transportation 49 CFR 172.101, App. B Lindane (Ref: OMS 17) - University of Hertfordshire The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. They are second line treatments, meaning they are prescribed only when first-line therapies have failed, cannot be tolerated or are otherwise contraindicated. [7] (see also Regulatory History) Repeatedly, the FDA has concluded that lindane medications provide public health benefits at an acceptably low level of riska factor for all medications. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in The other storms took place on November 4, 2021 and March 24, 2023. A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. Purpose Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (-, - and - (Lindane)) were recently included as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention, and therefore, the legacy of HCH and Lindane production became a contemporary topic of global relevance.

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