Environmental Impacts of Food Production - Our World in Data The negative effects of abusing shifting cultivation are devastating and far-reaching in degrading the environment and ecology of the affected region. Venezuela [67]), and Madagascar [68]. Shifting Cultivation at a Crossroads: Drivers and Outcomes of Recent Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The Effect Of Shifting Cultivation - Eduprojecttopics Our preliminary estimated for the future indicate that the area under shifting cultivation is expected to shrink considerably over the next decades. Madagascar has seen only slight decreases; especially along its eastern escarpment the area under shifting cultivation has remained stable over the last two decades (e.g. The producers and users accuracies were calculated for each occurrence class (< 1%; very low: 19%; low: 1019%; moderate: 2039%; high: 40%.) We estimate that shifting cultivation landscapes currently cover roughly 280 million hectares worldwide, including both cultivated fields and fallows. - Borneo and Sulawesi: Shifting cultivation is expected to disappear sometime between 2030 and 2060. Any change in the climate of an area can affect the plants and animals living there, as well as the makeup of the entire ecosystem. Shifting cultivation remains widespread, despite decreases in its extent over the last four to five decades. Letting it dry and burning it off. For India, Goswami et al. We limited the search to the period from 2005 to 2016 partly because we were interested in the most recent data on the extent of shifting cultivation as a basis for generating a map showing the contemporary situation (around the year 2010); the other reason was that we expected many recent reports on areas under shifting cultivation to rely on previously published data, which would enable targeted backtracking through the literature all the way to the original sources. In shifting cultivation method of agriculture an area of land is cleared off its vegetation and cultivated for a period of time and then abandoned. Southwest. Recent international efforts to compare and synthesize different earth system models have come with a strong focus on quantifying the past, current, and future contributions of land use to climate change [14]. Growing Seasons in a Changing Climate | USDA Climate Hubs Slash-and-burn - Wikipedia Formal analysis, Since there have been many controversies about the impact of jhum cultivation the study was done to analyse the current situation of the practice of shifting cultivation as perceived by the local people of Mokokchung village. Shifting cultivation tends to persist when population density is low and when options for agricultural development or alternative livelihoods are limited [22,70,71]. Validation, Conceptualization, The global food system is in crisis. (Fig 2C): One-degree cell with a mesh of 1/100 degree cells as a basic unit for the validation data set, green cells having a shifting cultivation occurrence class of >1% in our global classification. The main outcomes presented in this study are maps showing the estimated presence of shifting cultivation at a one-degree resolution for the present, as well as, for the first time, estimations for 2030, 2060, and 2090. In shifting agriculture a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time; then it is abandoned and allowed to revert to its natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot. Areas in which shifting cultivation can be assumed to have never existed or disappeared decades ago have been excluded from the analysis (dark gray). [10] compiled available published shifting cultivation area estimates for seven countries: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Given that biomass regrows very quickly in the humid tropics, the GFC data set treats large shares of a field cleared for shifting cultivation and kept fallow for a relatively short period as deforestation. Peninsular Malaysia, central and southern Thailand) [28]. Improvements in mapping the extent of shifting cultivation and trends in its development may be expected in the near future. Investigation, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184479.t001. From droughts and wildfires to pests and pathogens, climate change is wreaking havoc on the world's forests. Initially, we considered all 6,704 one-degree cells covering the land area between 30S and 30N, where shifting cultivation is likely to occur [17]. Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, United States of America, Roles [52]; the latter source, however, does not provide this information, so the 1,000 Mha claim seems to be unfounded. [3037]) such approaches cannot yet be up-scaled to global level due to data availability as well as computational limitations. Formal analysis, Fig 1B to Fig 1E show examples of different zoom levels used to decide whether the pattern in the GFC data is indeed related to shifting cultivation Fig 1E (showing pattern of clearing for the current year of cultivation and different stages of fallow) or not Fig 1D (larger scale clearings with young rubber). Consequently, if further research (e.g. Intensive agriculture has dominated the global food production . Conceptualization, India, Bangladesh), comparison of the maps (Fig 6) and the survey responses point to similar trends. Methodology, Comparison of these figures with the GLC2000-based area estimate for Laos of almost 11 Mha [1] underlines the problem of using the GLC2000 to estimate areas under shifting cultivation. Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply - US EPA This number certainly requires further validation before it can be claimed to be an adequate estimate of the global area under shifting cultivation. About half of tropical deforestation is commonly explained by the expansion of traditional agriculture (shifting cultivation). While only an approximation, this estimate is clearly smaller than the areas mentioned in the literature which range up to 1,000 million hectares. Also when considering the different levels of occurrence of shifting cultivation estimated based on the overall impression of the landscape per one-degree cell, the accuracies were high (see confusion matrix in Table 2), with an overall classification accuracy of 87.8%. (2017) A global view of shifting cultivation: Recent, current, and future extent. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The most important questions included: The information provided by the respondents related to very different spatial scales, ranging from village to district, provincial, and, in some cases, national scales. Writing original draft, Secondly, the detection and monitoring of complex shifting cultivation mosaics using automated remote sensing approaches remains challenging [33,38,39] and the mentioned small spatio-temporal signature of vegetation clearings and regrowth is very specific to shifting cultivation and visual interpretation is therefore suitable [40]. Shifting cultivation, which is still prevalent in the uplands of eastern Bangladesh, contributes significantly to forest loss and is the main cause of land degradation. Slash-and-burn agriculture is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden.The method begins by cutting down the trees and woody plants in an area. As global level ground data collection is not feasible and no global data on shifting cultivation for the considered time span of 2000 to 2014 is available, we generated a validation dataset, which contains a detailed delineation of the areas under shifting cultivation for a stratified sample of one-degree cells. Based on our expert survey and historical trends we estimate a possible strong decrease in shifting cultivation over the next decades, raising issues of livelihood security and resilience among people currently depending on shifting cultivation. While shifting cultivations signature on the landscape may be captured as a mixture or mosaic of agriculture and forest land cover classes, this alone does not suffice to indicate with certainty the presence of shifting cultivation. For this reason, the known widespread decrease in the occurrence of shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia (e.g. e. As for Africa, we found only one recent national study, on the Democratic Republic of the Congo [36]. The recently launched Sentinel-2 instruments with their augmented repeat frequency will generally help to improve remote sensingbased analyses of the humid tropics, which are complicated by frequent and persistent cloud cover. There was a bias towards responses from researchers who worked in Southeast Asia (see Fig 3); but this is also the world region where most research on shifting cultivation has been done, whereas Africa has the fewest studies and is clearly under-represented in light of the considerable occurrence of shifting cultivation there [17,44]. One land-clearing system of shifting agriculture is the slash-and-burn method, which leaves only stumps and large trees in the field after the standing vegetation has been cut down and burned, its ashes enriching the soil. The author has visited the entire Mizoram state and observed that shifting cultivation has a severe adverse impact on the environment, forest depletion and landscape degradation. This paper presents the causes and consequences of shifting cultivation and its potential land use alternatives. Although the areas shown on the map also include non-shifting forms of subsistence agriculture, it is reasonable to assume that shifting cultivation predominated in the humid and sub-humid tropics, which are the main focus of the present study. of Energy, grant number DE-SC0012972, and the Global Land Project Grant from the University of Copenhagen. Predicting future trends in the development of any form of land use requires extreme caution [23,69]. A plot of land is cleared by cutting the trees and burning them. However, this future may also provide better opportunities for production and income generation if development efforts are sensitive to the needs of shifting cultivators [73,74]. This trend, which was also identified by van Vliet et al. Based on an expert survey, we make a first attempt at estimating past trends as well as possible future trends in the global distribution of shifting cultivation until the end of the 21st century. This indicates that, despite the subjectivity involved on estimating the landscape level of occurrence of shifting cultivation in our classification, the method led to reproducible and accurate results. Visualization, The results indicate that shifting cultivation is likely to persist longest in Africa. Due to its low productivity and incompatibility with most cash crops, shifting cultivation may lock farmers into 'land use' poverty traps. Bing and Google Earth) were used. This article first questions the share of responsibility assigned to traditional agriculture it may well be overestimated because of unclear definitions, uncertain estimates, and potential political biases. The excessive growth (or bloom) of algae and plankton in a water body are indicators of this process. 70% of global freshwater withdrawals are used for agriculture 2. This causes degradation of land, soil erosion, etc.
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