(6) of 2016 does not discriminate in voting between males and females (gender), young and old people (age), rich and poor (income), Jordanians and Palestinians who were granted the Jordanian nationality (regional affiliation). Moreover, the law determines a quota of 15 seats for women in Parliament (Article 8). This study aims to identify the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in national and local elections. People salute the flag and recite the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of a school day, and they sing the national anthem at sporting events. Impact of race, ethnicity and immigration status on political The United States is one of the few democracies that requires citizens to register themselves rather than having the government take responsibility for automatically registering them. This, in turn, affected their voting in the elections. Moreover, political participation is a legitimate right for all citizens, their choice of the members of the government and the decision makers would influence their actions (Verba and Nie, 1978, p. 1). They act to benefit their communities without monetary compensation. Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE), Young Voters in the 2010 Elections, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf. Moreover, the electoral system of the country affects the political participation of women. Factors affecting Jordanian Elections Law No. Direct link to bhuiadna78's post What would happen if both, Posted a month ago. Some of them. Moreover, The Constitution guarantees appointment in government institutions with integrity (Article 23). 1, pp. (2017), The impact of social websites over Jordanian students intentions of active political participation: an application of theory of planned behavior, International Review of Management and Marketing, Vol. 271-294. - University of Minnesota This was consistent with the studies of Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Palmer and Simon (2008) that emphasized that the difference in regions, districts and regional affiliation affected voting in elections. Plagiarism Prevention 4. It can be concluded that marginalization of women in the past, and the denial of their right to vote for political and social reasons, made women feel alienation within the society and they were unequal to men. In addition, their aversion from the activities of the parties. People who have a strong sense of political efficacy, are Tingkat Pengetahuan. Students interning for public officials soon learn that answering constituent mail is one of the most time-consuming staff jobs. Factors affecting political participation (Jordanian New media provide novel opportunities for political participation, such as using Facebook to campaign for a candidate and Twitter to keep people abreast of a protest movement. 2, pp. This, in turn, made women lose interest in political issues, events, and party activities. Protests involve unconventional, and sometimes unlawful, political actions that are undertaken in order to gain rewards from the political and economic system. In addition to traditional forms of campaign activity, like attending campaign rallies and displaying yard signs, the Internet provided a gateway to involvement for 55 percent of Americans (Owen, 2009). (1997), Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, American Politics Quarterly, Vol. The edited video showing the beating of King told a different story of police brutality and was the basis of much controversy. The number of people who give money to a candidate, party, or political organization has increased substantially since the 1960s. The survey was conducted on the students of the three Jordanian universities (Jordan, Al-Al Bayt, and Mu'tah), to identify the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation on the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections: Table I shows the results of the analysis of the public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the gender. Direct mail and e-mail solicitations make fundraising easier, especially when donors can contribute through candidate and political-party websites. The Most important, young people did not see any role or tangible achievement of the elected councils. The eligible electorate in the 1800s, when voter turnout consistently exceeded 70 percent, was far different than the diverse pool of eligible voters today. Homana (2018) and Oliver (2016) indicated the impact of age on political participation. The study concluded that, Although the democratic transition and the subsequent constitutional and legal amendments in Jordan, which gave women equal rights with men, and allowing engagement in political parties and civil activities, there was a gap in the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections due to some demographic factors (gender and age), economic factors (family income) and some social factors (regional affiliation). The law allowed all males and females as of 18years old to vote in elections (Article 3). 73 No. Even activities that on the surface do not seem to have much to do with politics can be a form of political participation. Over two hundred websites were established to rally support for protests in Seattle, Washington; Washington, DC; Quebec City, Canada; and other locations. 3, pp. The ethnic diversity impacts cultures and political orientations. In such activities they join hands with other people of the society to influence the actions of the government. political participation Social and economic analysis How a citizens living situation, weather, finances, or family issues affect their political behavior. In addition, political participation is voluntary activities, in which the individual participates in the selection of rulers, and formulates public policies, directly or indirectly. Yet there are many other ways to take part in politics that involve varying amounts of skill, time, and resources. 54 No. Based on the above: Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Palmer and Simon (2008) indicated that the difference in family income affected political participation. Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors ( Peterson 1997 ), a widely dispersed population ( Herrick and Mendez 2019 ), and few federal, state, or local officials representing tribal interests ( Schroedel and Aslanian 2017 ). However,thereareotherswho Table IV shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to regional affiliation. Increasingly people are participating in politics via the media, especially the Internet. Symbolic acts are not always supportive of the political system. This problem gained attention during the 2000 election. (1997) attributed that to the lack of political interest of the females. The main reason for voting in the elections according to family income was practicing the constitutional right. with (33.5 per cent) for the family income category (500 dinars), and (22.2 per cent) for the family income category (500 less than 700 dinars). It affects both the quality and amount of participation. Despite the scope of leadership, Pentecostal church leaders show less propensity of political participation for unknown reasons, especially in African countries. Therefore, the present study focuses on the voting of students of Jordanian universities. In the USA, the turnout has been declining since 1972, especially in presidential elections. People also can take part in support activities, more passive forms of political involvement. Political participation is the knowledge and behavior involved in political activities (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). Tillian, O. The study relied on a purposive sample of 900 students, 300 students per university (150 males and 150 females). Civil society depends on social networks, based on trust and goodwill, that form between friends and associates and allow them to work together to achieve common goals. Atkeson, L.R. Opinions are divided on this issue. In contrast, the voting of the female students was (33.8 per cent). A formal or informal association of people seeking to influence governmental policy in favor of their interests; interest groups may represent social causes, economic Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of the Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the regional affiliation. There are varieties of ways in which people can participate in the political processes of a society. The results showed the following: First: The more the gender varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of male students as there was a gender gap between the voting of male and female students in the national and local elections. Political Participation Among Indigenous People Both the processes help in increasing the extent of political communication which leads to greater political awareness. Social environment 3. In addition, political participation required some resources, such as money to support the candidates (Lawless and Fox, 2001, p. 362). The Motivations for Political Participation Among The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Lipsky, M., Protest as a Political Resource, American Political Science Review, December 1968, 1145. American Government and Politics in the Information Age by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Americans are more likely to make a financial contribution to a cause or a candidate than to donate their time. Moreover, there was a family income gap in voting in national and local elections as low-income female students voting was low. Youth political engagement in Australia and the United States: student councils and volunteer organizations as communities of practice, Studying oil, islam, and women as if political institutions mattered, Womens engagement in politics in the year of the woman, Politics of presence: women in the house and symbolic representation, Political participation of the urban poor, The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, The factors affecting the women political participations in Jordanian parliamentary elections (2003-2013), Increasing womens political participation: the role of women-friendly districts, Gender differences in political participation: comparing street demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom, Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries. This practice excludes almost 4 million people from the voting rolls (Human Rights Watch and the Sentencing Project, 2000). In brief, political participation refers to all those activities which influence the decision-making process. Turnout for the 2010 midterm election was 41.6 percent, compared with 41.4 percent in 2006 and 40.5 percent in 2002 (McDonald). Psychological analysis Examining what causes an individual to run for office, decide to It depends upon a variety of factors that influence it. This ratio of the female students is less than that of male students. An individuals sense of loyalty to a specific political party. Congressional Management Foundation, Communicating with Congress: How the Internet Has Changed Citizen Engagement (Washington, DC: Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). They represented all segments of society: Al-Al Bayt University, which is located in the northern region of Jordan (14 colleges, 7,434 males and 9,809 females), the Jordanian University, which is located in the central region of Jordan (20 colleges, 12,716 males and 25086 females), the Mu'tah University, which is located in the southern region of Jordan (19 colleges, 7,614 males, Female 7,172). (6) of 2016, articles 3 and 8). Factors Impeding Women's Political Participation- A Literature Review The reason for the low voting ratio of the Palestinians in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. Men vote more than females (Childs, 2004, p. 422). It can be concluded that: The more the family income varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the high-income students. But, since the Palestinians feel unequal, and short of accessing basic services, such as education and health care; this resulted in their decline of voting in elections. This reduction can be seen in the number of abstaining voters. About 3 percent of the adult population holds an elected or appointed public office (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). (2011), Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Al Rai Center for Studies, Jordan. Riots are frequently spontaneous and are sparked by an incident that brings to a head deep-seated frustrations and emotions. Some barriers to voting are informal. In addition, some women's organizations (Arab Women's Union) demanded more equality, freedom, and education for Jordanian women (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). It is interesting to note that Milbrath classifies those factors which have been used up to the present in the attempt to explain political participation, into three groups: personal factors, political setting, and social position. 35 No. The present study focuses on money (income). The right to participate is a defining feature of democratic political systems but is not fully exercised. The politically aware are usually better able to relate their social values to their political opinions, to achieve stable, internally consistent belief systems. New media offer additional opportunities for people to engage in campaigns. Based on the above, the present study examines the impact of (gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation) on the voting of the university student in elections, because of the reluctance of Jordanian university students to vote in elections. This declining continued until the national elections in 2012, where the ratio of youth participation (ages 19-24years old) in voting was (41 per cent), and they were reluctant to engage in election campaigns and contacting elected officials. Lawless (2004), Atkeson (2003), and Koch (1997) emphasized on the impact of gender on political participation. Only a small number of people, generally under one-quarter of those eligible, participate in local, county, and state elections. Others contend that the integrity of the democratic process is at stake and that individuals should not be denied a fundamental right once they have served their time. Such political activities can support government officials, institutions, and policies, or aim to change them. Many people take part in neighborhood, school, and religious associations. In addition, they pointed out that there were some political factors affected voting in elections, such as the constitutional right to vote, performance of the elected councils and candidates, political trust, party activities, etc. Participation witnessed further expansion, as some studies have pointed out: Street protest, involvement in institutional policies, participating in social movements (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572), and engagement in political debates (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). Some regions have an established culture of political participation. Today, students demonstrate to draw attention to causes. According to conventional wisdom, education is supposed to increases civic skills and political knowledge that functions as the causal mechanisms triggering WebFactors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. Specifically, it sought how culture, trust in governance institutions and civic education affect youth participation in political governance in Blantyre, Malawi. (1976), No Easy Choose: Political Participation in Developing Countries, Harvard University press, Cambridge. ATOMIC Hot Links Los Angeles three day shoot CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Koch (1997) and Verba et al. Direct mail appeals by single-issue groups for contributions aimed especially at more affluent Americans are targeted methods of mobilizing people. Brady et al. This article concludes that people have different voting that publics political participation is decreasing from 2004 to 2014. 3, pp. This tactic was used effectively during the 1960s civil rights movement when African Americans sat in whites-only sections of public busses. The scope and the outcome of voting is very broad affecting all the members of a society. Up to 70 percent of members of single-issue groups show their support solely by making monetary contributions (Putnam, 2000). Posted 6 months ago. As one of the basic principles of participatory democracy, each citizen gets one vote and each vote c Jurors were shown the entire tape, not just the famous nineteen-second clip. It included respecting of human rights, popular participating in political life, etc. (Nahar, 2012, p. 122). In spite of the dissemination of civil society institutions after 1989, awareness of civil culture and political participation was still poor (Tillian, 2011, pp.1-2). The present study focuses on four factors: gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation. 2, pp. The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019. In addition, they did not have Political orientation, and they did not care about party or civil society activities. In the same context, the regional affiliation affected voting. Organizations with the goal of promoting civic action on behalf of particular causes, or single-issue groups, have proliferated. Voter registration also has been assisted by online registration. Although all these amendments, the political participation of Jordanian university students is still poor. Generally, about 15 percent of Americans participate in these types of campaign activities in an election year (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). Review of Economics and Political Science. What factors influence voter turnout in elections? The party inspires in its members a feeling of belongingness. Lawless, J.L. What motivated you to get involved? Voting determines the leadership issues and policies of the party as well as the whole nation. As there are differences in voter turnout ratio according to age groups, the voting ratio in the age group (23 less than 18years old) was low. Beauregard, K. (2014), Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. While one of the studies atrributed it to the negative perception of women regarding their role in leadership positions, their low self-confidence and lack of their equal rights with men (Dababneh, 2012, p. 215). What are the factors affecting political socialization? In the same context, Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) asserted that the difference in regional affiliation affected the political orientations of individuals. The survey on students of the three Jordanian universities (Al-Al Bayt University, Jordanian University, and Mu'tah University) was conducted to explore the impact of gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation on the students voting. VCU Scholars Compass | Virginia Commonwealth University The low voting turnout was with the young people group, especially university students. Expressing opinions about leaders, issues, and policies has become one of the most prominent forms of political participation. Unit 5 - Political Participation (AP GOV There is no consensus among scholars whether to include in its definition illegal as well as legal activity, unsuccessful and successful attempts of influence and involuntary as well as voluntary action. Finally, the voting gap in the elections was due to political, social, economic reasons such as ineffectiveness of the national and local councils' performance, inefficiency of candidates of these councils, political alienation, the difficulty to access public services, inequality in distribution of income, absence of political socialization, the feeling of inequality with men in education and employment. Verba, S. and Nie, N. (1978), Participation and Political Equality, University Press, Cambridge. Peter D. Hart Research Associates, New Leadership for a New Century (Washington, DC: Public Allies, August 28, 1998). Voter turnout depends on the type of election. Socioeconomic characteristics of a population, including age, race, gender, religion, marital status, occupation, education level, and more. (2012), The impact of political parties on the 2007 Jordanian parliamentary elections, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Urbanization as the first stage of the modernization process tends to raise literacy; increased literacy tends to increase the media exposure; and increasing media exposure facilitates wider political participation. However, there have not been great fluctuations in turnout since the institution of universal suffrage in 1920. Psychological or cognitive traits:. The Jordanian leadership responded and announced constitutional amendments in 2011. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. How do you think not letting them vote might affect what kind of policy is made. Closing voting rosters weeks or months in advance of elections effectively disenfranchised voters. Fox, R.L. Leaders frequently are spammed with mass e-mails that are not from their constituents. In addition, they felt marginalized inside the Jordanian society. The main reason for voting in the elections according to regional affiliation was practicing the constitutional right. with (43.7 per cent) for the (Jordanians). Homana (2018), Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Solt (2008), Atkeson (2003), Lawless and Fox (2001), Koch (1997), Brady et al. This was due to many reasons, such as womens political alienation and their belief that their ability to make a political change is still weak, etc. Which of the following best explains how the organization can operate to influence. The more the family income varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. Beginning in the 1980s, some states, including Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, made it possible for people to register on Election Day. Factors affecting Political Participation the individual needs money to be able to participate in political activities. (1993), Neighborhood poverty and African American politics, American Political Science Review, Vol. Turnout figures can be skewed by undercounting the vote. A large majority of people who have registered to vote participate in presidential elections. Levels of political interest and apathy have often been taken as criteria of participation and non-participation, including party membership, expressed interest in politics and awareness of issues. 8.2 Why People Participate American Government and Politics A majority of lower-class persons generally vote for the left parties while the majority of the upper and middle class persons vote for the rightist parties. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The pool of eligible voters has expanded from primarily white, male property owners at the founding to include black men after the Civil War, women after 1920, and eighteen- to twenty-year-olds after 1971. 1, pp. Also, some social factors such as tribal affiliation affects students voting. People can engage in nonviolent acts of civil disobedience where they deliberately break a law that they consider to be unjust (Lipsky, 1968). Protest behavior can take many forms. In this political system, participation by the individual in political activity is considered a virtue, a sign of political health and the best method of ensuring ones private interests. (2003), Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Journal of Politics, Vol. The social environment definitely has an impact on political participation. Table II shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the age. Online strategies have been used to organize demonstrations against the globalization policies of the World Trade Organization and the World Bank. http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1344797n. Voting is the most frequent citizen activity, especially in modern democracies. What are some of the ways you have participated in politics? Kang, A. Factors affecting political participation (Jordanian universities The tape enraged blacks in Los Angeles who saw the police actions as being widespread within the Los Angeles Police Department and not an isolated incident. (2012), Jordanian womens political participation: legislative status and structural challenges, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. So, the Palestinians had the right to vote in Jordanian national and local elections. 1, pp. The outcome of such a participation results in collective gain. 84-94. They make use of new communications technologies to organize protests by forming groups on the Internet. Huntington and Nelson (1976) have argued that voluntary (autonomous) and manipulated (mobilized) participation are not clearly distinguished categories. Table III shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to family income. 1, pp. The major criterion remains voting in elections which is consistently somewhat higher than the other measures. They include sense of efficacy, sense of civic responsibility, sociability, sense of alienation and authoritarianism.
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