can range from unintentional injuries in youth to cancer in old age. Epidemiology Flashcards | Chegg.com Suppose that a relative risk of 0.5 has been found. Many ionic compounds contain either aluminum (a Group 3A metal) or a metal from Group 1A or Group 2A and a nonmetal-oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen (Group 7 A). However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. True or False? Host factors in the causation of disease include: True or False? In addition, 10 other infants are born with malfunctions. Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect: What are the three main components of SES? A case-control study is purely a descriptive (as opposed to analytic) study design. There are no survivors to interview so you deduce: The case fatality rate of the Pox must be high. Assume everyone ate the same food items. True or False? Which of Mill's four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor? The epidemiologic and clinical descriptions of a disease are different., True or False? health statistician whos work helped to form the U. Chapters 3 & 4 Quiz 1) Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above The answer is all of the above. A form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied, not in response to any particular experimental manipulation is an example of what? Both A and C common in one gender over another. Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Pandemics", killed between 50-100 million people worldwide and it is estimated that 1/ : These mothers are considered to have been followed prospectively during the entire course of their pregnancies, because a complete and accurate record of drug use was maintained during pregnancy.] True or False? 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used when: True or False? Since 2019, the disease has spread and become a global pandemic. D. both A and B A. seasonal variations in cases of influenza . Exposure to these viruses in each community confers permanent immunity. The 2009-2010 episode of influenza first identified in the United States and eventually called 2009 H1N1 influenza was classified as a pandemic by WHO in summer 2009, True or False? Home canned foods would be a likely source for an outbreak of salmonellosis. Alexander A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following? Surgeons at Hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a one-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. The presence of an infectious agent is a sufficient cause for outbreaks of infectious disease to occur. Nature of the data 2. A primary prevention approach that could be used in controlling cigarette smoking This is a use primarily for prevalence data. and when did it happen? particular time period and the incidence is the number of new cases being diagnosed What level of prevention is represented by screening for breast cancer? . If there were 4000 live births, 3 fetal deaths, and 40 These include: When applied in a group of hospitalized patients diagnosed as having virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 85%. frequency over time? In a study to determine the incidence of a chronic disease, 150 people were examined at the end of a three-year period. are required to give 0.102 mol HClO4HClO_4HClO4? Some diseases are simply more In a large city, it is 8 per 1,000. Most of the time, epidemiologic researches confront a problem that has a clear etiologic base. brought up in our Zoom meeting last week. The case fatality rate of a disease is defined as the number of deaths due to the disease divided by the number of cases of the disease during a specified time period times 100. T he interviewer doesn't ask the questions that he or she is instructed to ask, or asks them incorrectly 4. The Henle-Koch postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. Direct and Indirect. According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: How were most Ebola cases from the Kikwit outbreak transmitted? The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by: the incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. The site where a disease agent enters the body is the: True or False? D ifferences in the post-operative care at the two hospitals 4. Age-specific diseases One of three main purposes of descriptive epidemiology is to aid in the creation True or False? The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: -the variation in age-specific disease rates. Let's say that in a certain population of 100,000 people, 100 new cases of a The three historical figures that I found most interesting in our textbook were Alexander Reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed 2. EX: nations, states, census tracts, counties, Uses a control group, the cases have a specific outcome in mind while the controls do not, exposure has already occurred in the past, ODDS RATIO, A group that is followed over a period of time, a longitudinal study, leads to many different outcomes, little exposure EX: birth or age cohort, work cohort, RISK RATIO, AKA Intervention Study: changing some aspect of the status of the subject, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experiments, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman. Find the stream function for this flow. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect. Prevalence is the Identify at least three major historical developments and three major historical The prevalence-incidence relationship formula Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: [a] changes in exposure to infectious agents [b] changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons [c] changes in temporary stressors [d] all of the above all of the above The use of GIS (Geographic Information System) may be thought of as following the heritage of: [a] Hippocrates [b] Graunt HSA 535 FINAL EXAM PART II 1 Cyclic variations in the occurrence of Developmental problems such as congenital birth defects occur primarily late in Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Calculate the following value: A screening examination was performed on 250 persons for Factor X, which is found in disease Y. The main purpose of this procedure is to, Improve the likelihood that the two groups will be comparable with regard to known and unknown confounding factors, The purpose of a double-blind study is to, The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is, Standardized protocol for structured interviews, You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease and suggest that physical activity protects against having a heart attack. Historical shift from high birth and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates found in developed countries.why, bc improvement in general hygiene and social conditions. Choose the best response: Which virus was most virulent? Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to, Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. At Hospital B, the surgeons report a one-year mortality rate of 8% for the same procedure. -the person has had symptoms and has had medical attention but does not know the name of the disease. and control efforts. Three hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. True or False? Six persons experienced vomiting. Seasonal variations True or False: Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease like pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect seasonal variations in cases of influenza and c hanges in exposure to infectious agents. A double-blind study of a vaccine is one in which: neither observers nor subjects know which subject receives the vaccine and which receives a placebo. The prevalence of virus X infection is higher among the hospital patients than among blood donors. 1. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect Changes in exposure to infectious agentsChanges in the risk-taking behavior of personsSeasonal variations Main purpose of descriptive epi Test hypotheses Exposure Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals The relative risk of dying for a smoker compared to a non-smoker is, 10.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis, An epidemiologic experiment is performed in which one group is exposed to a suspected factor and the other is not. The results of selective service examinations. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. In glycolysis, _____ is oxidized, and _____ is reduced. Incidence is often expressed as a rate per unit of population and time (e., per 100, Indirect when if if age-specific rates of the population for standardization are the same as those reported in. The population etiologic fraction is a measure of the proportion of the disease rate in a population attributable to the exposure of interest. -Endemic- used to characterize a disease that is habitually present in a particular was that it impacted a younger demographic rather than an older demographic. The incidence of lung cancer among women is increasing. This finding refers to: True or False? Solved Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may - Chegg Sexually transmitted diseases, influenza, and acute respiratory infections are examples of conditions transmitted directly (person-to-person). Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: Question 12. The article explains that there has been a high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans for decades. Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza and the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. long-term changes in mortality trends.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza.B C D The public health officer from Long Beach complains to you about the dreaded Pacific Pox. data for a particular year: The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was: A prerequisite for using the direct method of age adjustment is that the age- In randomized controlled clinical trials, random assignment of subject groups helps: Prophylactic trials Which of the following does not describe the Gini index? Diseases that have only human reservoirs and are transmitted from person to person are the zoonoses. After directly standardizing these figures by age, the rate for the rural town changed to 8 per 1,000, and the rate in the large city changed to 12 per 1,000. True or False? The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the prevalence shows no sex difference. Before concluding that the surgeons at Hospital B have vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounders would you examine? An investigator is interested in the etiology of neonatal jaundice. What factors compromise the epidemiologic triangle? Despite being common, cyclic variation is often neglected in both aetiological and prognostic research and health services research. population over a specified time period. B. the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder. PS- same thing but group of ppl circumscribed to one place. People in the rural town are older than those in the city. the disease in the population. A. number of persons who ate a specific food and became ill/ total number of persons who ate the specific food Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Explain in details. If it is accepted that an observed association is a causal one, an estimate of the impact that a successful preventive program might have can be derived from: The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies. Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? This measure of effect is influenced by: 1. A major resurgence of measles occurred during the period 1989 to 1990. Cyclic and circadian variations in cardiovascular events during the same time period. How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? He then reviewed the obstetrical and delivery records of their mothers to determine carious prenatal and perinatal expsoures. The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, Americans have a higher incidence of hypertension than whites, even at an early age In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than one race. In case of pneumonia the cyclic variation r View the full answer 1. unnecessarily subjecting people to a potential risk associated with diagnostic procedures. One of the problems that this study may have faced is individuals lost to follow-up during the five-year period. In current thinking, the term epidemic is used only to describe outbreaks of infectious disease. Physical environmental factors in the natural history of disease include weather, temperature, and biologic components. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? Which interpretation might follow? True or False? Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: Rates for males are higher than rates for females from birth to age 85 and older. Write the chemical formulas and names of all the binary compounds that can result from such combinations. Subjects for an exposure-based cohort study would be selected most appropriately from, Certain occupational groups such as battery workers, True or False: In community intervention studies, it is important for the investigator to evaluate whether a program has achieved its intended results before assuming the benefits of the intervention. percentage or a rate per unit of population (e., per 100,000 people). quiz1.docx - Cyclic variations in the occurrence of Common Source and Point Source The Gini index: True or False? Six persons experienced vomiting. Based on your understanding of foods that potentially are capable of transmitting salmonella, the most likely source of the outbreak was. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. Match the following abbreviations in Column I with the best description in Column II. In other words, there may be reasons that data do not fully reflect the nature of disease or risk factors. The criterion of plausibility refers to the existence of a dose-response relationship. EXAM 1 Study Guide - Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may - Studocu epi chapter 1-4 study notes. True or False? Which source of bias may have affected the study? epidemiology to describe the burden of disease in a population. population, and it is influenced by factors such as exposure to risk factors, susceptibility Hollingshead and Redlich found that severe mental illness was more common in the upper than the lower social classes., Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by A. differences in climate B. differences in cultural factors . You say you cannot test for statistical association because there is no relevant comparison group. Seasonal variation encompasses cyclic change in either disease occurrence or disease severity over the course of a year [ 1, 2 ]. Finally, the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic demonstrated to the public how a (You may Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect, Changes in exposure to infectious agents, Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons, Changes in temporary stressors, Endogenous biologic factors. True or False? Which of the following reasons might account for place variation in disease? The resultant data are: Forty mothers have taken the suspected drug during their pregnancies. Sketch the velocity profile along a line of constant \theta. The reservoir for Q fever is infected livestock, e.g., cattle, sheep, or goats. What is the length in picometers of a unit cell diagonal that passes through the center atom? promoting the cessation of cigarette smoking via talk therapy or nicotine substitutes. Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower (q1=+8.5C)isatx1=+3.0cm, (q2=21C)\left( q _ { 2 } = - 21 \mu \mathrm { C } \right) Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: Theorized to be both a selective and a protective factor, Which of the following is not one of the four criteria for the utility of, The best routinely available sources of data regarding the incidence of respiratory disease outbreaks and other rapidly spreading conditions are, Reports of absenteeism from work and school, Data on morbidity in the U.S. armed forces include, 1. An abrupt drop in mortality due to specific disease from one year to the next is most likely due to: A change in the International Classification of Disease. In 1346-1352, The Black Death became a historic example of fatality due to illness. The primary prevention approach gives the potential smoker information about the risks Convey your understanding of the difference between The epidemiologic and clinical descriptions of a disease are different. In a cross sectional study, which of the Hill criteria can you not confirm? If the cure rate of a disease is improved, what happens to the prevalence? Choose the incorrect answer. A definitive diagnosis for disease Y among the 250 persons had been obtained previously. Check the flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile along this line. A and B True or False? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may Foods served at the luncheon included home-canned olives, chicken salad, homemade flavored drink mix, freshly baked rolls, and raw vegetables. sex, and race. Assume everyone ate the same food items. one race. Smallpox, a disease that impacted Europe in the early 1700s, inspired the creation of To express the burden or extent of some condition or attribute in a population. In the United States, anthrax usually affects livestock, some wild animals, and humans. A five-year prospective cohort study has just been completed. However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. For other diseases, 10-year and even 5-year age groups conceal important variations in disease occurrence by age. The case fatality rate is the same thing as the mortality rate for a disease. Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to: The first case of a disease to come to the attention of the authorities, Physical components, Social components, Economic components, An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents, An immunity the host has developed as a result of a natural infection with a microbial agent or acquired from an injection of a vaccine that contains an antigen, Immunity that is acquired from antibodies produce by another person or animal, human beings, animals, insects, soils, or plants, The units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals. epidemiology can help target intervention efforts in order to address the social, The existence of a dose-response relationship, that is, an increase in disease risk, with an increase in the amount of exposure, does not support the view that an, The Henle-Koch postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative. John Graunt is known as the Columbus of biostatistics. The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. Older individuals are more likely to The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was first identified in December This is a use primarily for incidence data. What type of study is preferred for assessing rare diseases? Lack of access to healthcare. Fleming discovered Penicillin in the late 1920s which was incredibly impactful towards this essay, I will describe the relationship between prevalence and incidence, including During the flu epidemic of 1938, which population group was most at risk for death? -Pandemic- refers to an epidemic on a worldwide scale; during a pandemic, large Unfortunately, COVID-19 has taken millions of lives. be due to: The results are charted below, an apparently longer survival time among persons identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease. The most likely explanation is that: the duration of the disease is greater in women. involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. Availability of the data 3. Sexually transmitted diseases are examples of a residual disorder: one for which the contributing factors are known but for which methods of control have not been implemented effectively. among women aged 15-24 could be the utilization of print materials or online marketing The results show that the correlation between accumulated heat release and cyclic variation is less than 10%. Information from military hospitalization records, Information about the cause of death listed on a death certificate may be unreliable because. cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. Epidemiology Test 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Answered: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of | bartleby Vectors can be considered as one way in which infectious diseases can be transmitted. False. True or False? Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: 1. specific death rates in the study population must not be stable. Cyclic variations in the dynamics of flu incidence in Azerbaijan, 1976 Herd immunity refers to protection of a population against an infectious disease when a large proportion of individuals are immune through either vaccinations or past infections. diagnosed with breast cancer than men. Cyclic variations in the incidence rate of influenza may reflect: Seasonal variations in new cases of fluenza. The most likely explanation is that, The duration of the disease is greater in women, A major disadvantage of crude rates is that, They do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. (q2=21C), x1=+9.0cmx _ { 1 } = + 9.0 \mathrm { cm } Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its: A test that determines whether disease is actually present is a: an apparently longer survival time among persons identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease. 2. possible psychological trauma that accompanies suspicion of a disease. T he starting point of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals (after operation versus after discharge) 3. The health officer says, 'If people catch the Pox, they suddenly get the urge to dance in the sand and fall dead on the beach within the hour.' population is equal to the incidence of new cases multiplied by the average duration of -Concentration of racial or ethnic groups within an area The major disadvantage of crude rates is that: they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Marriage is hypothesized to act as either a selective or a protective factor in health. Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: The outbreak of CJD in England in the 1990's represented what type of disease time trend? Using epidemiology for operational research involves the study of: What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease Total number of residents injured from roller-skating: 1800 Final Exam study cards Flashcards | Chegg.com In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: 1. Availability of the data When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. True or false? Epidemiology Exam 1 Flashcards | Quizlet The purpose of the washout period is to reinforce the carryover effect, Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials may include, Reduce error that results from assignment to study conditions. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. The ill individuals developed moderate to severe diarrhea 16 to 46 hours after the picnic.
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