Modern writers put the number at 3,000 in Paris alone. Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547) The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). . Political Responses . However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). King from 1556 to 1598. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . 1) Purchase valued. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Requiring Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. Don't leave a single one alive to reproach me! List of ambassadors of the United States to Saint Vincent and the List of ambassadors of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. Mark Twain described the massacre in "From the Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Even within the Louvre, Navarres attendants were slaughtered, though Navarre and Henry I de Bourbon, 2nd prince de Cond, were spared. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 24, 1572 As recorded by statesman and historian, De Thou (1553-1617), who was a witness to the events on St. Bartholomew Day as a youth. Note: this article incorporates material from the, James R. Smither, "The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and Images of Kingship in France: 15721574. [3] Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".[4]. On hearing of the slaughter, Philip II of Spain supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? Catholic Reform - Purdue University [10], The court itself was extremely divided. Essay 14-17 - Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. Instead of crippling the Huguenot party as Catherine had hoped it would do, the massacre revived hatred between Roman Catholics and Huguenots and helped provoke a renewal of hostilities. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. [13] Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a murderer.[53]. "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) Read and study old-school with our bound texts. 2. Amongst other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. This peace, however, was precarious since the more intransigent Catholics refused to accept it. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the Pope. It seems probable that a signal was given by ringing bells for matins (between midnight and dawn) at the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, near the Louvre, which was the parish church of the kings of France. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. Corrections? After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. Three of her sons were kings of France . [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. A. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. available here Estimates of the number that perished in the disturbances, which lasted to the beginning of October, have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, duc de Sully, who himself barely escaped death. The Guises were not prepared to make way for their rivals, the House of Montmorency. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre; File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg; File usage on other wikis. Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre - New Advent Venetian Report On The ST Barts Massacre | PDF - Scribd The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents, A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. D. C. and Kingstown established diplomatic relations when St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ambassador Hudson Kemul Tannis presented his credentials Milton Cato: Ronald Reagan: December 7, 1981: [71] Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books [were] held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized courtiers" (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers". A.P. Euro Chapter 15 terms Flashcards | Quizlet 8283, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361, Knecht (2001), p. 364. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events. Report to the Venetian senate on the wounding of the admiral / Giovanni Michiel (1572) -- 17. He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre King Philip II (1527-1598). 34. Historian Barbara B. Diefendorf, Professor of History at Boston University, wrote that Simon Vigor had "said if the King ordered the Admiral (Coligny) killed, 'it would be wicked not to kill him'. The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) cuius regio, eius religio To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, a Huguenot leader, supported a war in the Low Countries against Spain as a means to prevent a resumption of civil war, a plan that the French king, Charles IX, was coming to approve in the summer of 1572. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). WorldCat is the worlds largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. Holt concludes that "while the general massacre might have been prevented, there is no evidence that it was intended by any of the elites at court", listing a number of cases where Catholic courtiers intervened to save individual Protestants who were not in the leadership. [73] It also gave added impetus to the strong anti-Italian feelings already present in Huguenot polemic. On the pretext of being in Paris when the violence hit his hometown, Rubys declared that '[he] cannot & will not say anything' about these events. [42] Other estimates are about 10,000 in total,[43] with about 3,000 in Paris[44] and 7,000 in the provinces. 31. This was a massacre on Huguenots. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day Start? Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Les Huguenots (1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French grand opera. 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) The massacre killed more than 10,000 people over a period of two months in the fall of 1572. File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg - Wikimedia Commons A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus Updates? His only surviving work is the best known depiction of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.
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