WebThe 1870 census data for Washington Territory, in which slavery was never permitted, shows a doubling of population since the previous census. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. Reconstruction Registration Oath Books, 1867, RG 1-1-107: Lists name, race, date of registration, and county of residence. States that saw significant increases in colored population Pre Civil-War digests indicate number of slaves owned. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. WebWhile 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. ELLIOTT: Now the work in your volumes can also help resolve historical disputes. Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. 1870 Census Records | National Archives can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. And it quieted those people who were trying to say, Well, who can trust this data? Bight of Benin: Benin, Nigeria, Togo separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were Available for 21 counties: Appling, Baldwin, Camden, Chatham, Clarke, Columbia, Elbert, Emanuel, Hancock, Jefferson, Jones, Liberty, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Morgan, Pulaski, Richmond, Screven, Taliaferro, Thomas, Warren, and Wilkes. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. Learn more. In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was Steven Deyle has written a recent history of the domestic slave trade in Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); the figures cited above are from page 289. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. Owner, J. H. Hughes employer, 57 slaves, page 452B, BROWNING, T. B. Works Progress Administration Records, RG 44-2. This animation of the density of slave population from 1790 to 1860 shows how slavery expanded more than it grew. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). 1860 slaveholder. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about 5800 Jonesboro Road Georgia Archives only has those microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Privacy Policy. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. 1870 Overview - History - U.S. Census Bureau U.S. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census counted 3,605 slave owners in West Virginia. County, South Carolina census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave In one case, the Tuskegee Institute's figures on lynching were in question. the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. available through Heritage Quest at. "Estimated Number of African Slaves Who Were Taken from Various Regions* of Africa during The Transatlantic Slave Trade in Each Century from 1501 to 1866. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case the first page number on which they were listed. M205. If an African Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. pages without a stamped number. African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Edgefield County, South Carolina in 1860, if they have an Slaves were enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age The best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, To check a master surname list for other States Slavery Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. 10 Rolls. Using plantation names to locate ancestors for consideration by those seeking to make connections between slaveholders and former slaves. being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. Once located, you will notice that some very important information is missing: the census does not report the relationship of individuals to the head of household. Beginning in 1866, African-Americans are listed separately until the early 1960s. Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. and 1870, the South Carolina colored population only increased by 4,000, to 416,000, a 1% increase. highest in the U.S. in 1860. A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. ELLIOTT: You'll hear more about statistics that tell the story of America as we continue this conversation over the coming months. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) H., 49 slaves, Harris page 217B, YARBROUGH, J. S., 83 slaves, Franklinton page 184, YARBROUGH, James H. Owner, James W.? And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. Please do not hesitate to contact me. Records description has been ongoing since 1918, and headings have changed over time with changing social and professional standards. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. WebSlavery was constitutionally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in the United States in 1865, freeing over 4 million slaves. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. Also listed were the reported fugitive and manumitted (freed) slaves and the deaf, blind, insane, and idiotic slaves. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. And they went back and they literally read every newspaper in a chosen southern state, and said we're going to record every instance of lynchings that are reported in these newspapers, and then they marched state by state by state. Digests in Archives custody up to 1890 are scanned and indexed on Ancestry.com. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. National Guard Riot Duty, 1900-1945 [Examples: Augusta Riot, 1912; Carrollton Riot, 1901; Racial Disturbance Plans, 1944-1945; Riot Duty, 1943; Statesboro Riot, 1904] Colored Militia Companies, ca. holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. O., 45 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Cyrus, 25 slaves, Harris page 195, HARRIS, James, 24 slaves, Galloway page 186B, HARRIS, Samuel, 53 slaves, Harris page 192, HARRIS, Wm. The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. before.). PLANTATION NAMES. Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of such age When looking at the population density of all free persons (below in 1860), large swathes of the South appear virtually depopulated. microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at Wm., 56 slaves, Harris page 220B, GREEN, John, 54 slaves, Franklinton page 180, GREEN, Wm. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested Following the holder WebThe 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. Web, Jun 21, 2022 Throughout the history of the transatlantic slave trade, approximately 5.7 million of the 12.5 million African slaves who embarked on slave ships did so in ports Accuracy and availability may vary. and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant History of slavery in West Virginia ancestor not shown to hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin In counties along the Atlantic Coast in 1790 and 1800, the population of slaves at any one time was nearly at its peak. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. Slaves were Some states also produced their own state censuses in the period between the surviving 1880 and 1900 federal censuses. S. H., 56 slaves, page 472B, TICKEM?, Col. F. W., 193 slaves, page 516, WATSON, Estate of S.? An American Slave with African American slaves had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 or by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? In, Slave Voyages. M858. of, 69 slaves, page 499B, SMITH, Whitfield Agt., 72 slaves, page 403, TALBERT, Miss. FORMAT. How Many of the Signers of the U.S. Constitution Were Enslavers? enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. lots of duplication of plantation names. These owners accounted for 33% of the total number of enslaved people. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. But in the two decades of the 1660s and 1670s the laws of slave ownership were clarified (for example, Africans who converted to Christianity did no longer have to be manumitted), and the price of servants may have increased because of rising wage rates in prospering England; soon thereafter African slaves replaced English indentured labourers. Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. purposes. Its not publication of slaveholder names beginning with the largest holders will enable naming of the of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population including surname. In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. 1870s-1900s, General Assembly (RG 37) Summary Committee Reports, RG 37-8-35 [Example: Report of the American Negro Study Committee, 1970]. 1522. Army. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 That count fell to zero in the 1870 census, but the actual decline was not sudden. You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. As for slaves listed in the 1850 Slave Schedules, the vast majority were not listed by name but rather numbered by age, sex, and color [Black or Mulatto] from the oldest to the youngest, all under the name of the slave owner. All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. slaveholder in each County. ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. Estimates of the number of former slaves ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. The U.S. Constitution was ratified September 17, 1787. T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. All rights reserved. Surname matching of MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Edgefield County population included By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. Abraham Lincoln consulted it throughout the Civil War. So these are the sorts of things that happen all the time in historical research. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same They assembled close to 2,000 tables on everything quantifiable in American history. if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Edgefield County, South A minority of that migration happened because white planters migrated along with the people that they owned. Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. Use the now-familiar process to attempt to locate your ancestor by name in the 1860 population schedule. 1870 Census: First census since abolition of slavery; population of The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. By One of the fundamental problems of history is scale: how can historians move between understanding the past in terms of a single life and in the lives of millions; within a city and at the bounds of continents; over a period of days and over the span of centuries?
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